Ünite 6: Lifespan Development — Sınav Hazırlık Notları

• Do not confuse the cephalocaudal and proximodistal patterns: Cephalocaudal is top-to-bottom development, while proximodistal is center-to-extremity.
• Pay close attention to the age ranges of Piaget's stages: Sensorimotor (0-2), Preoperational (2-7), Concrete Operational (7-11), and Formal Operational (11+).
• Remember that Vygotsky's theory is uniquely 'Sociocultural' because it emphasizes social interaction and cultural tools, unlike Piaget's individual focus.
• Distinguish between self-esteem (overall self-worth) and self-efficacy (belief in one's ability to succeed at a specific task) to avoid confusion in questions.
• Understand the difference between James Marcia's identity statuses: Diffusion has no crisis/commitment; Foreclosure has commitment without crisis; Moratorium has crisis without commitment; Achievement has both.
• Remember that the prefrontal cortex continues to develop until early adulthood, which explains why adolescents often display high risk-taking behavior despite having a mature limbic system.