A person who regularly creates and posts video blogs (vlogs) to document their travels, experiences, or daily activities. In the text, Nora is a vlogger who travels for two months across South America, the Turkic states, and Thailand to share cultural insights.

A research and business center where universities and industrial companies collaborate closely to foster innovation. In Türkiye, cybersecurity vocational schools are located in technoparks to give students practical experience working alongside industry experts.

The practice of protecting computer systems, networks, programs, and personal data from digital attacks, unauthorized access, or damage. The text emphasizes the training of experts in this field to counter risks like data theft and hackers.

The existence of strikingly different weather conditions and temperatures within the same country due to its unique geography. Chile exhibits extreme climatic contrast, featuring both the driest desert in the world and ancient glaciers.

The original, native inhabitants of a region who have lived there since ancestral times before the arrival of colonists. In Chile, the Mapuche are highlighted as the primary indigenous group contributing to the country's mixed culture.

A landmark or area registered by UNESCO as having significant cultural, historical, or scientific value, which is legally protected. Examples mentioned in Baku include the Walled City of Baku, the Palace of the Shirvanshahs, and the Maiden Tower.

An ancient network of trade routes that connected the East and West, facilitating not only economic trade but also cultural and culinary exchanges. Azerbaijan's diverse cuisine is noted as a reflection of its historical position along this route.

An auxiliary verb used in English to express ability, permission, possibility, or opportunity. It is always followed by a verb in its base form, as in 'Tourists can explore the Tokyo National Museum'.

A tourist activity involving a boat tour through a fjord, which is a long, narrow, deep inlet of the sea between high cliffs. The text lists taking a fjord cruise as a popular activity for visitors in Norway.

A bath of naturally warm, mineral-rich spring water, often used for relaxation and health benefits. The listening exercises identify Hungary as a country famous for its thermal baths.

Bir kişinin her gün düzenli olarak gerçekleştirdiği eylemler ve alışkanlıklar bütünüdür. Metinde Jacob'un sabah uyanıp yatağını toplamasından akşam kitap okumasına kadar olan tüm planlı aktiviteleri buna örnektir.

Öğrencilerin normal ders saatleri dışında katıldıkları, sosyal, sanatsal veya sportif gelişimlerini destekleyen okul aktiviteleridir. Sally'nin derslerden sonra katıldığı sosyal etkinlikler ve toplantılar bu kavramı örneklemektedir.

Öğrencileri üniversiteye giriş sınavları gibi önemli sınavlara hazırlamak için okul dışı saatlerde ek eğitim veren özel kurumlardır. Japonya'da lise öğrencisi olan Akio, okul kulübünden sonra bu okula gitmektedir.

Eğitim süreçlerinde geleneksel yöntemlerin yerine dijital teknolojilerin, etkileşimli araçların ve çevrimiçi platformların entegre edilmesidir. Türkiye'deki eğitimde dijital dönüşüm projesi bu kavramın somut bir örneğidir.

Bir eylemin hangi sıklıkla yapıldığını gösteren 'always', 'usually', 'often', 'sometimes', 'rarely' ve 'never' gibi kelimelerdir. James'in annesinin kahvaltıyı 'asla' (never) atlamaması bu zarfların kullanımına örnektir.

Japonya kökenli, kendine özgü çizim tarzı olan çizgi romanlardır. Japon lise öğrencisi Akio, akşamları uyumadan önce ödevlerini bitirdikten sonra manga okumaktadır.

Öğrencilerin robot tasarlama, inşa etme ve programlama becerilerini geliştirdikleri okul kulübüdür. Akio, okul sonrasında bu kulübe katılarak robotlar yapmaktadır.

Sınıflarda derslerin daha görsel, etkileşimli ve ilgi çekici işlenmesini sağlayan bilgisayar bağlantılı akıllı tahtalardır. Metinde dünya genelinde birçok okulun bu teknolojiyi kullandığı belirtilmektedir.

Öğrencilerin kendi öğrenme hızlarına ve ihtiyaçlarına göre eğitim materyallerini seçip çalışabilmeleridir. Türkiye'deki dijital platformlar, öğrencilerin zayıf noktalarını belirleyip o konulara çalışmasına imkan tanır.

Çevre sorunlarını, doğayı ve ekosistemi inceleyen akademik bir disiplindir. Finlandiyalı öğrenci Lilja'nın en sevdiği ders olup, bu dersteki sınıf içi tartışmalardan büyük keyif almaktadır.

Koyu renkli, genellikle kahverengi veya siyah saçlı kadınları tanımlamak için kullanılan fiziksel görünüm sıfatıdır. Metinde Maya, koyu renkli saçlarından dolayı 'a brunette with dark hair' olarak tanımlanmıştır.

Güçlü, kaslı, yapılı ve atletik bir vücut yapısına sahip olan kişileri tanımlamak için kullanılan fiziksel sıfatlardan biridir. Metinde açık havada spor yapan Sam karakteri 'tall and well-built' olarak betimlenmiştir.

Hafif toplu, balık etli veya yuvarlak hatlara sahip vücut yapılarını tanımlayan, kaba olmayan kibar bir sıfattır. Metindeki evcil hayvanlardan Fluffy isimli kedi, yuvarlak vücut hatları ve beyaz tüyleriyle 'a plump cat' olarak tarif edilmiştir.

Ruh hali hızlı değişen, huysuz, aksi veya zaman zaman içine kapanık davranan kişileri tanımlayan bir kişilik sıfatıdır. Metinde Sam'in kibar biri olmasına rağmen bazen 'too moody' olup yalnız kalmayı tercih ettiği belirtilmiştir.

Maddi veya manevi değerlerini, zamanını ve eşyalarını başkalarıyla paylaşmaktan çekinmeyen, cömert insanları tanımlar. Metinde Sophie, öğle yemeğini unutanlarla yemeğini paylaşacak kadar 'generous enough' bir karakter olarak sunulmuştur.

Dikkat etmeyen, savruk, eşyalarını kaybeden veya işlerini özensiz yapan dikkatsiz kişileri tanımlayan olumsuz bir sıfattır. Metinde Sophie'nin bazen 'too careless' olduğu ve eşyalarını nereye koyduğunu unuttuğu yazmaktadır.

İnsan ilişkilerinde veya sorunların çözümünde yumuşaklık, nezaket ve yapıcı yöntemler kullanma becerisidir. Metinde sınıf başkanı Olivia'nın sorunları 'softness and diplomacy' (yumuşaklık ve diplomasi) ile çözdüğü belirtilmiştir.

Güneşte kalma veya doğal yapısı gereği bronzlaşmış, esmerleşmiş cilt rengini ifade eden fiziksel özelliktir. Metinde okul müdürü Mr Johnson ve açık havada spor yapan Sam 'tan skin' sahibi olarak betimlenmiştir.

Başkalarına karşı cana yakın, sıcakkanlı, anlayışlı ve sevecen davranan insanları tanımlayan olumlu bir kişilik özelliğidir. Metinde jimnastikçi Kate'in 'sympathetic attitude' (sıcakkanlı tavrı) sayesinde seyircinin sevgisini kazandığı belirtilmiştir.

Kendi alanında çok fazla eser, ürün veya çalışma ortaya koyan, son derece üretken insanları tanımlar. Telaffuz bölümündeki örnek cümlede bir sanatçının üretkenliği 'The artist is extremely prolific' şeklinde ifade edilmiştir.

A professional who organizes online marketing campaigns and promotes products or services on social media platforms and digital channels. In the text, Tom's aunt Claire works remotely as a digital marketer.

An administrative professional who works remotely to assist clients with tasks such as organizing emails, scheduling meetings, and publishing social media updates. In the text, Tom's father's assistant and Tolga's nephew Umut both perform this role.

A professional responsible for planning, drawing projects, and designing new buildings. They typically work in an architecture firm, as illustrated by Tolga and Mia's grandfather.

A qualified healthcare professional who prepares and dispenses medications in a pharmacy while advising customers on their proper usage. Tom's uncle John is an example of a pharmacist in the text.

A professional who studies human behavior, counsels people face-to-face in a clinic, and helps them overcome mental health challenges. Mr. Moreno in the reading text works as a psychologist.

A professional who analyzes financial data, manages budgets, and advises clients or businesses on their finances using specialized software. Ms. Panya and Tina are examples of accountants in the unit.

An individual who creates and publishes engaging digital material, such as videos, podcasts, or articles, for online platforms. In the text, Sunan dreams of becoming a content creator to share his hobbies.

Grammatical words (in, on, at) used to describe the location of a person, object, or workplace. For example, working 'in' an office, 'on' a farm, or 'at' an IT company.

The action or process of working together to the same end, which is highlighted as a core value in Turkish family traditions when caring for relatives.

A working style that allows professionals to execute their projects and daily tasks from home or any location outside of a traditional office, such as Ms. Moreno's digital marketing job.

A style of housing where several identical or similar houses are joined together in a continuous row. This architectural design is highly common in European cities to optimize residential space.

A small, compact house that consists of only a single story or floor. Its lack of stairs makes it highly accessible and easy to maintain, particularly for elderly residents or small families.

A luxurious and expensive apartment situated on the topmost floor of a tall building or skyscraper. It typically features premium amenities, spacious layouts, and panoramic views of the surrounding city or landscape.

An eco-friendly building that produces as much energy from renewable sources as it consumes over a year. These buildings utilize solar panels, smart windows, and advanced insulation to minimize environmental impact.

An upholstered armchair with enclosed sides and a wooden frame, designed for comfortable lounging. In the text, Keyla enjoys reading her book while sitting in a warm bergère by the window.

A dedicated room in a house where large appliances are kept and functional domestic tasks are carried out. It is typically used for doing laundry, housing the washing machine, and storing cleaning supplies.

A grammatical tense used to describe actions that are currently in progress at the moment of speaking. It is formed using the auxiliary verb 'to be' and the present participle of the main verb, such as 'I am making my bed'.

The application of a white liquid mixture to the exterior walls of buildings, as seen in Bodrum houses. This technique reflects solar radiation, keeping the interior of the structures cool during hot summer months.

The network of transmission lines, substations, and transformers that delivers electricity from power plants to consumers. Zero-energy buildings only draw power from this grid when their renewable systems cannot generate enough energy.

A social gathering or celebratory party hosted by someone shortly after moving into a new home. It allows friends and family to visit, explore the new living space, and celebrate the transition.

A flat is a set of rooms for living in, usually on one floor of a building. A block of flats is a tall building that contains many of these individual apartments, common in urban areas.

A bungalow is a type of house that is built on a single level with no upstairs floor. It is highly accessible and popular among families and elderly residents who prefer to avoid stairs.

A cottage is a small, cozy house, typically located in a rural area or the countryside. It often features traditional building materials and rustic architectural charm.

A detached house is a residential building that stands completely alone and is not joined to any other house. It offers maximum privacy and usually includes a private garden.

A semi-detached house is a single residential building that is divided vertically to form two separate homes, sharing one common wall on one side.

A terraced house is one of a row of similar houses that are joined together along their sides by shared walls, common in high-density town centers.

A penthouse is an expensive, luxurious, and spacious apartment situated on the top floor of a tall building, often offering panoramic views of the city.

A villa is a large, luxurious house, typically located in the countryside or suburbs, featuring a large garden, a terrace, and ample living space.

A yurt is a traditional, round, portable tent used by nomadic groups in Central Asia. It consists of a wooden frame covered with thick fabric or felt walls.

A hanok is a traditional Korean house built using natural materials like wood and stone, characterized by its curved tile roofs and floor-based living arrangements.

A mudhif is a traditional guest house unique to southern Iraq, constructed entirely from reeds and mud, featuring a long hall and a rounded roof.

A utility room is a dedicated room in a house designed for laundry and housing household equipment like washing machines, dryers, and cleaning supplies.

A terrace is an open, flat, paved outdoor area next to a house, used for sitting, eating, relaxing, and enjoying the sun.

A basin is a large, open bowl-shaped fixture in the bathroom, equipped with taps, used for washing the face and hands.

A bathtub is a large, long container in a bathroom that is filled with water, allowing a person to sit or lie down to wash their body.

A bedside table is a small table placed next to the head of a bed, used for holding items like lamps, books, or alarm clocks.

A coffee table is a low table placed in front of a sofa in a living room, used for holding drinks, books, or decorative items.

A cushion is a soft bag filled with feathers, foam, or other soft materials, used to make seats, especially sofas, more comfortable.

A hoover is a vacuum cleaner, an electrical machine used to clean floors and carpets by sucking up dirt, dust, and small debris.

A wardrobe is a large, tall cupboard or piece of furniture equipped with a rail and shelves, used specifically for hanging and storing clothes.

A dishwasher is an electrical kitchen appliance designed to automatically wash and clean plates, glasses, pots, and cutlery.

A freezer is an electrical appliance or compartment that keeps food frozen at very low temperatures to preserve it for a long period.

Prepare the table is a domestic verb phrase meaning to arrange plates, cutlery, glasses, and napkins on a table before a meal begins.

Wash the dishes is the chore of cleaning plates, cups, pots, and cutlery after they have been used for eating or cooking.

Do the laundry is the household chore of washing, drying, and sometimes ironing clothes, sheets, and towels to keep them clean.