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Ünite 7: Using Cost Data for Control — Kavram Eşleştirme

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Task Analysis — A method of setting standards where historical data is ignored, and managers work with engineers using time and motion studies to determine the standard material, labor, and machine hours required per unit.

Combined Approach — A standard-setting method that uses historical data as a starting point but applies technical modifications and engineering support to adjust for new technologies and production techniques.

Ideal Standards — Standards that assume peak operating efficiency without any disruptions such as machine breakdowns, power failures, or skill deficiencies, requiring perfect execution in every aspect.

Currently Achievable Standards — Practical standards that reflect efficient production under normal operating conditions, allowing for reasonable inefficiencies and imperfections that a trained worker can meet without extraordinary effort.

Fixed Standards — Standards determined for conditions at the beginning of a period that remain unchanged for many years, primarily used for analyzing long-term trends rather than current operational efficiency.

Kaizen Standards — Continuous-improvement standards that are updated regularly to reflect planned year-by-year improvements, focusing on cost reduction alongside quality enhancement.

Quantity Standard — A standard that specifies the expected volume or amount of resource consumption (such as kilograms of material or hours of labor) required to produce one unit of output.

Price Standard — A standard that specifies the expected cost or purchase price per unit of input resources (such as cost per kilogram or wage rate per hour) set by the company.

Authoritative Standards — Standards set solely or primarily by management to ensure that corporate expectations and all operating factors are properly incorporated into the budget.

Participative Standards — Standards established with the active involvement of employees, which increases their motivation and commitment to meeting the targets as they perceive them as reasonable.

Standard Costing — An accounting system in which standard costs and their associated variances are formally recorded in the accounting records, serving as an alternative to actual costing.

Standard Cost Sheet — A detailed record that specifies the standard prices, standard quantities, and standard costs for all manufacturing factors required to produce one unit of product.

Direct Materials Price Variance — The difference between the actual price paid and the standard price budgeted for direct materials, multiplied by the actual quantity purchased.

Direct Materials Efficiency Variance — The difference between the actual quantity of materials used and the standard quantity allowed for the actual output, multiplied by the standard price.

Direct Labor Price Variance — The difference between the actual wage rate paid and the standard wage rate budgeted, multiplied by the actual direct labor hours worked.

Direct Labor Efficiency Variance — The difference between the actual labor hours worked and the standard labor hours allowed for the actual output level, multiplied by the standard wage rate.

Variable Overhead Spending Variance — The difference between the actual variable overhead rate and the standard rate per unit of allocation base, multiplied by the actual quantity of the allocation base used.

Variable Overhead Efficiency Variance — The difference between the actual quantity of the allocation base used and the standard quantity allowed for the actual output, multiplied by the standard variable overhead rate.

Fixed Overhead Spending Variance — The difference between the actual fixed overhead costs incurred and the budgeted fixed overhead costs planned for the period.

Production Volume Variance — The difference between the budgeted fixed overhead cost and the fixed overhead cost allocated to actual production based on standard hours allowed.

Management by Exception — A management practice where managers focus their attention and corrective action only on significant deviations (exceptions) from planned budgets and standards.