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Ünite 2: Research Methods in Psychology — Doğru/Yanlış

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Law

A general, absolute scientific rule formulated in physical sciences that holds true under all possible circumstances. An example is the law of gravity formulated in physics, which differs from the evolving theories of social sciences.

Law — A general, absolute scientific rule formulated in physical sciences that holds true under all possible circumstances. An example is the law of gravity formulated in physics, which differs from the evolving theories of social sciences.

Indirect Measurement — A measurement technique used for variables that cannot be observed directly, by employing proxy tools designed to measure that specific construct. Social sciences use indirect measurement, such as using standardized tests to measure intelligence.

Observer Effect — The tendency of research participants to alter their natural behavior or act unnaturally when they are aware that they are being observed by a researcher.

Reliability — The degree to which a measurement instrument is consistent, free from random errors, and produces similar results upon repeated measurements under identical conditions.

Population — The entire group of individuals or cases that share specific characteristics, to whom the researcher intends to generalize the findings of a study. An example is all the mine workers currently employed in Turkey.

Direct Measurement — A measurement type where the target variable is measured directly without influence from other variables, using tools of the same kind. It is highly common in physical sciences, such as measuring height or weight.

Assessment — An interpretive process of concluding a judgment, verdict, or comment by comparing measured data with a set of reference criteria. For example, labeling a student as 'unsuccessful' because their test score of 40 is below the passing criterion of 50.

Theory — A body of related principles that functions to explain, predict, and control a specific phenomenon. In psychology, the cognitive theory steps in to explain unobservable mental processes like memory and imagination that behaviorist theory cannot fully account for.

Philosophy of Science — A thinking activity that examines the basic principles, assumptions, and foundations of a science or scientific field. It helps define the boundaries of scientific knowledge and evaluates the ethical standards of research.

Dependent Variable — The outcome variable that is measured in an experiment to assess the effect of the independent variable, representing the hypothesized effect. In a study on smoking and cancer, cancer is the dependent variable.

Sample — A smaller, representative subgroup of individuals selected from a larger population to participate in a research study, allowing generalizations to be made about the population. For example, studying 200 selected miners to represent all miners in Turkey.

Validity — The degree to which a measurement instrument actually measures what it claims to measure and is aligned with the research goals. For example, using a personality test to measure intelligence results in low validity.

Applied Research — Research studies that produce practical suggestions, interventions, or solutions for real-world problems based on the findings of fundamental research. An example is educational scholars designing classroom reward systems to change student behavior.

Independent Variable — The variable that is manipulated or controlled by the researcher in an experiment to observe its effect, representing the hypothesized cause. In a study on smoking and cancer, smoking is the independent variable.

Science — The sum of systematic, collective, progressive, and organized knowledge obtained through scientific methods to analyze the relations that exist in nature. For example, psychology uses scientific methods to systematically study human behavior and mental processes.

Fundamental Research — Scientific studies that aim to either develop, refine, or test a theory to expand the boundaries of knowledge. For example, psychological research determining that positive reinforcement influences human behavior is fundamental research.

Measurement — A descriptive act that involves the symbolic or digital representation of variables, characteristics, and objects through systematic observation. For example, recording a student's score of 40 on a psychological test is a measurement.

Plagiarism — An ethical violation involving the act of using other researchers' ideas, data, or publications without giving proper credit or citation, or deliberately manipulating their work for personal gain.