Ünite 1: The History and Scope of Psychology — Doğru/Yanlış

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Hypothesis

A specific, testable prediction derived from a theory that expresses the expected relationship between two or more variables. For example, a researcher might hypothesize that perceived parental control is positively associated with authoritarianism.

Hypothesis — A specific, testable prediction derived from a theory that expresses the expected relationship between two or more variables. For example, a researcher might hypothesize that perceived parental control is positively associated with authoritarianism.

Materialism — A philosophical approach that rejects the separation of mind and body, asserting that the mind is a physical part of the body. It implies that mental processes can be fully explained by studying the physical and physiological principles of the body.

Cartesian Dualism — An approach proposed by René Descartes suggesting that while the mind and body are separate, they interact dynamically. He proposed that this interaction occurs in the brain's pineal gland, allowing the mind to control physical actions.

Psychology — The scientific discipline that studies the biological, social, and psychological bases of behavior in both humans and animals. It aims to describe, explain, predict, control, and improve behavior through empirical research.

Structuralism — An early school of psychology developed by Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener that sought to understand the human mind by analyzing and identifying the basic elements and structures of conscious experience through introspection.

Functionalism — An early approach to psychology, influenced by Charles Darwin, that argued psychology should focus on the functions and adaptive consequences of consciousness and behavior in helping organisms survive in their environments.

Gestalt Psychology — A psychological perspective founded by Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler, and Kurt Koffka that asserts the human mind organizes sensory experiences into integrated wholes or patterns, meaning the whole is greater than the sum of its individual parts.

Theory — A systematic way of explaining behavior that consists of a set of predictions, propositions, or ideas about the causes of behavior. It serves as the foundation from which researchers derive specific hypotheses to test in empirical studies.

Objective Measures — Standardized tools and instruments used in psychological research to measure behaviors, attitudes, or physiological responses in a consistent and unbiased manner. Examples include standardized questionnaires, scales, and brain imaging scans.

Behavior — Any response, reaction, or action that people experience or display toward any stimuli inside or outside the body. This includes both directly observable actions like talking and internal experiences like thinking.

Empiricism — A philosophical approach associated with John Locke and David Hume which asserts that humans are born with a 'tabula rasa' (blank slate) and acquire all knowledge through sensory experience, perception, and observation.

Introspection — An early experimental method used by Wilhelm Wundt and structuralists where trained participants 'looked within' to describe their immediate conscious experiences, sensations, and reactions to specific stimuli.

Dualism — A philosophical approach, originating in ancient Greek philosophy, which asserts that the mind (consciousness) and the body (the physical brain and material structure) are separate and distinct entities.

Idealism — A philosophical approach, associated with George Berkeley, which argues that the human mind plays an active, creative role in constructing knowledge by combining, integrating, and interpreting sensory experiences.