The educator who holds the highest administrative position and leads a school, responsible for welcoming students and overseeing school events.

A specially equipped room where students conduct scientific experiments under the supervision of a teacher, requiring protective gear such as lab coats, gloves, and goggles.

A school club where students learn and perform traditional regional dances, often preparing show performances for national holidays like 23 April.

A modal verb used to express strong prohibition or rules that must not be broken, such as 'You mustn't run in the lab'.

A modal verb used to express lack of permission or inability to do something, as in 'You can't shout in the library'.

A grammatical form used to give direct commands, instructions, or rules, which can be positive like 'Line up!' or negative like 'Don't run!'.

A pronunciation pattern where the pitch of the voice drops at the end of a sentence, typical of declarative statements such as 'I love playing the piano'.

A school club focused on raising awareness about ecological issues, nature protection, and promoting clean habits among students.

A Turkish national holiday celebrated on 23 April, featuring international student visits and school performances like folk dance shows.

A Turkish national holiday celebrated on 29 October, often commemorated in schools with special events like art exhibitions.

The specialized vocabulary and phrases used by teachers and students to manage tasks, ask for help, and communicate during lessons. An example is asking a peer, 'Can you lend me your pencil?' or 'Give me a hand for this homework!'

A school schedule that displays the days of the week, times, and specific subjects assigned to each period. In the text, Cumhuriyet Lower Secondary School uses a weekly timetable starting at 08:30 and finishing at 15:20.

Grammatical words used to indicate when an event happens, such as 'at' for specific clock times and 'on' for days. For example, 'My Art lesson is at ten o'clock every Monday.'

Phrases used in social interactions within the school to express feelings, agreements, or encouragement. Examples include 'I don't feel all right!' and 'I'd love to!' when invited to join a study group.

A set of behavioral guidelines designed to maintain order, safety, and respect within the learning environment. Examples from the text include 'Raise your hand to speak' and 'Don't run in the classroom.'

A unique morning routine implemented in schools in Delhi, India, where students perform gentle and relaxing exercises instead of academic work to start the day in a positive state of mind.

The collaborative abilities developed by students when working together toward a common goal. In Japan, this is fostered by having students clean their own classrooms together after lunch.

A school subject that students can choose based on their interests, rather than a mandatory core subject. In the provided timetable, these are scheduled daily at 14:40.

Cultural physical activities integrated into the school curriculum to promote fitness and historical connection. In Azerbaijan, these include oil wrestling, horseback riding, and horseback javelin.

The rise and fall of the voice when speaking, which helps convey meaning and sentence type. The text highlights practicing rising and falling intonations with sentences like 'We have seven lessons a day.'

An adverb of frequency indicating that an action happens 100% of the time. For example, the text mentions that Lara always watches the stars to find her way during her journey.

An adverb of frequency indicating that an action happens 0% of the time or not at all. For example, the text advises to never go out without a hat in the summer to protect yourself from the sun.

A short grammatical structure added to the end of a sentence to turn it into a question or check for agreement. An example from the text is: 'Getting dressed is fun, isn't it?'

A word that indicates who owns or possesses a noun, such as my, your, his, her, its, our, or their. For example, 'They have glasses. Their glasses are light.'

A traditional Japanese garment made of silk or cotton, characterized by its long and loose sleeves. It is worn by Japanese women for special events such as festivals, weddings, and traditional ceremonies.

A traditional dress worn by women in India, consisting of a long piece of silk or cotton fabric. Women wrap this colorful, patterned fabric elegantly around their bodies.

Traditional clothing from the Dibekdere region of Milas, Muğla in Türkiye, made of natural fabrics like cotton and wool. It features colorful patterns that reflect the region's rich history and culture.

Traditional clothing worn by the Sami people of Northern Scandinavia, made primarily of wool. The colors utilized in these garments are chosen specifically to represent nature.

A phrasal verb meaning to put on an item of clothing to see if it fits or looks good. For example, the character Sara tries on a pink bag and a soft scarf while shopping.

An informal phrasal verb meaning to make a quick, casual visit to a person or a place. In the story, Jack tells the girls, 'I'll pop round to see you later!'

A sequence of actions or regularly followed habits that a person does on a normal basis. In grammar, routines are expressed using the Simple Present tense, often accompanied by frequency adverbs like 'usually', 'always', or 'every day'.

An action that is currently in progress at the exact moment of speaking. It is grammatically represented by the Present Continuous tense (subject + am/is/are + verb-ing), such as 'She is talking to the flowers at the moment'.

A short grammatical structure added to the end of a declarative sentence to turn it into a question or to check information. It consists of an auxiliary verb and a pronoun, as seen in 'The cat is lucky, isn't it?'

An idiomatic English expression that means to help or assist someone with a task. In the text, Sara uses it when she asks Jack, 'Can I lend you a hand with washing the car?'

A phrasal verb that means to clean, organize, or make a place neat by putting things back in their proper places. For example, the characters suggest, 'Let’s tidy up the house together!'

An expression used to describe having a friendly, harmonious relationship with someone. Millie uses this to describe her family's relationship: 'We always get on well as a family!'

The traditional Japanese art of folding paper into decorative shapes and figures. The text notes that many people in Japan enjoy doing origami in their free time as a popular hobby.

An outdoor meal or gathering where food is cooked over an open fire or grill. In Türkiye, having a barbecue is described as a significant part of social and family life rather than just a way of cooking.

A protective piece of sports equipment consisting of a strong fabric sheet connected by springs to a frame, used for jumping. In the reading text, Millie's grandmother is humorously depicted jumping on one.

A personal daily record of experiences, observations, and feelings. Millie uses her diary to write down the unusual events of her family's 'strange day' instead of taking photos at the beach.

Normal evlerden çok daha küçük, genellikle ahşaptan yapılan, az enerji tükettiği için çevre dostu olan ve doğayla iç içe minimalist bir yaşam sunan ev tipidir. Metinde bu evlerin sahil kenarlarında veya ormanlarda bulunabileceği belirtilmiştir.

Eski iki katlı otobüslerin dönüştürülmesiyle elde edilen, genellikle metal malzemeden yapılan, iki katlı, mobil ve karavanlardan daha konforlu olan yaratıcı bir ev türüdür. Alt katı mutfak ve yemek odası, üst katı ise dinlenme ve yatak odası olarak tasarlanır.

Çelik ve cam gibi güçlü malzemelerden inşa edilen, şehirlerde bulunan, kulelerden daha yüksek ve içinde çok sayıda daire, ofis, spor salonu ve dükkan barındıran çok katlı modern binalardır. İnsanlar katlar arasında hızlı asansörler yardımıyla seyahat ederler.

Karabük'te bulunan, ahşap ve taştan inşa edilmiş, kırmızı kiremitli çatılara ve çok sayıda yatak odasına sahip geleneksel Türk evleridir. Bu tarihi evler zengin Safranbolu kültürünü yansıtır ve UNESCO Dünya Mirası Listesi'nde yer alır.

Rotterdam'da bulunan, tek bir köşesi üzerinde duran büyük sarı küpler şeklindeki sıra dışı ve modern evlerdir. Birbirlerine küçük bahçelerle bağlı olan bu evler, büyük pencereleri sayesinde oldukça aydınlık odalara sahiptir.

Üzeri çim ve bitkilerle kaplı, doğanın bir parçası gibi görünen, ahşap mobilyalarla dekore edilmiş küçük ama konforlu ve çevre dostu evlerdir. Doğaya yakın ve huzurlu bir yaşam sürmek isteyenler tarafından tercih edilir.

İki nesne, yer veya insanı kıyaslamak için kullanılan sıfat biçimidir. Kısa sıfatlar '-er' takısı alırken (smaller gibi), uzun sıfatların önüne 'more' kelimesi getirilir (more comfortable gibi).

Bir ortamın veya evin sıcak, samimi, rahat ve sevimli olduğunu ifade eden sıfattır. Metinde ahşap küçük evlerin (tiny houses) bu özelliğe sahip olduğu vurgulanmıştır.

İnsanların boş zamanlarında eğlenmek, dinlenmek veya spor yapmak için gittikleri parklar, spor merkezleri, açık hava sinemaları ve sahiller gibi sosyal alanlardır.

İnsanlığın ortak mirası olarak kabul edilen ve korunması garanti altına alınan kültürel veya doğal alanlardır. Metinde Safranbolu evlerinin Türkiye'deki bu sit alanlarından biri olduğu belirtilmiştir.

The act of reserving a table in a restaurant in advance. For example, Mr. Bell calls the restaurant to book a table for two at 7 p.m.

To soak meat, fish, or vegetables in a seasoned liquid mixture, often containing oil and spices, before cooking to flavor and tenderize it.

To crush food, particularly cooked vegetables like potatoes, into a soft, smooth, and uniform state, usually with added butter, salt, or milk.

Nouns that refer to individual, separable items that can be counted using numbers, used with 'How many' (e.g., apples, biscuits, nuts).

Nouns that refer to substances, liquids, or abstract concepts that cannot be divided into separate elements, used with 'How much' (e.g., flour, sugar, oil).

A traditional Turkish drink made by mixing yogurt, water, and a pinch of salt, preferred by Turkish people over fizzy drinks during meals.

A popular style of Italian ice cream that is known for being rich and dense, often enjoyed as a sweet treat at food festivals.

An idiomatic expression referring to a controversial, difficult, or sensitive issue or situation that is hard to handle, as Jack describes his situation with his angry mother.

An idiomatic expression meaning to be exceptionally nice, helpful, or complimentary to someone in order to win their favor or get permission for something.

A small portion of food served before the main course of a meal, such as soup or a light salad, to stimulate the appetite.

The specific natural environment or home where an animal species lives, grows, and finds the necessary resources to survive. For example, the savanna is the natural habitat of giraffes and zebras, providing them with grass and tall trees.

A class of warm-blooded vertebrate animals characterized by having hair or fur and females that secrete milk for nourishing their young. Examples from the text include elephants, lions, gorillas, and whales.

A class of cold-blooded, air-breathing vertebrates that usually have scaly skin and lay eggs on land. Snakes and crocodiles are prominent examples mentioned in the unit.

A large group of the same species of animals, particularly birds or marine mammals, that live and nest closely together for survival and warmth. Penguins live in colonies to protect themselves from the extreme cold of Antarctica.

A specific way of walking with short steps while swaying clumsily from side to side. This is the characteristic movement style of penguins when they travel across ice and snow.

Flat, paddle-like forelimbs used by wingless aquatic birds like penguins and marine mammals for swimming and navigating through water. Penguins use their flippers to become highly efficient underwater hunters.

Very long, pointed teeth that project outside the mouth of certain mammals, such as elephants. Elephants use their tusks for digging, clearing paths, and defense.

A rolling grassland scattered with shrubs and isolated trees, which can be found between the tropical rainforest and desert biomes. It serves as the primary habitat for large herbivores like giraffes and zebras.

A grammatical form used to compare the differences between two objects, people, or animals. An example from the text is: 'A snake is faster than a gorilla.'

A grammatical form used to describe an object which is at the upper or lower limit of a quality among a group. An example from the text is: 'Whales are the largest animals on Earth.'

A short school holiday or recess in the middle of a school term. In the text, the Stark family uses this break to plan a family trip to a desert, valley, and lake.

A tour designed for visiting and viewing places of interest, such as historical monuments, towers, and bridges. Mr Stark plans to book one to see towers and museums.

A commercial park featuring various recreational attractions, rides, and games. Susan expresses her desire to visit one to ride the fastest roller coaster.

A mount, hill, or ridge of sand piled up by the wind, commonly found in deserts or near beaches. In Lençóis Maranhenses, rainwater fills these dunes to create lakes.

An underwater ecosystem characterized by reef-building corals. The Great Barrier Reef is the largest of these systems on Earth and is home to diverse marine life.

The practice of swimming on or through the water while equipped with a diving mask and a shaped breathing tube called a snorkel. It is a popular activity at the Great Barrier Reef.

The sport or activity of swimming underwater using a self-contained underwater breathing apparatus. Tourists do this to explore the crystal-clear waters of the Great Barrier Reef.

A card for sending a message by post without an envelope, typically having a photograph or other illustration on one side. Arnold sends these to share his travel updates.

A number of achievements or experiences a person hopes to have or accomplish during their lifetime. Arnold describes visiting the Trevi Fountain as a bucket list item.

A natural light display in the Earth's sky, predominantly seen in high-latitude regions. Arnold travels to Finland during the winter to watch this magical phenomenon.

A low area of land between hills or mountains, typically with a river or stream flowing through it. The Stark family plans to visit one next to the desert to watch the sunrise.

A deep gorge, typically one with a river flowing through it, as exemplified by the Grand Canyon in Arizona, which has the Colorado River flowing through its center.

The long-term pattern of weather conditions in a particular region. The unit emphasizes how climate affects travel plans, such as packing sunscreen for deserts.

Any of the world's main continuous expanses of land. Mr Stark plans to take the family to visit an amazing continent along with their cousins.

A lodging establishment that is warm, comfortable, and pleasant. The Stark family plans to stay in one near the ocean to relax and listen to the waves.

A scenic or historically important area of countryside protected by the federal government for the enjoyment of the general public or the preservation of wildlife.

A slang or informal term used to describe a lively, pleasant trip or festive excursion. Jack uses it when saying, 'We are going on a jolly to the seaside!'

A brief pause for rest, exercise, or fresh air. Janet mentions that they all need to take a breather during the summer holiday after a tiring school term.

A short, leisurely walk taken for exercise or pleasure. Janet plans to take a stroll around the city of Paris during her summer holiday.

A unique exhibition building made entirely of real ice. Arnold plans to visit one during his winter holiday in Finland.

An ornamental structure in a pool or lake from which one or more jets of water are pumped into the air. Arnold visits the Trevi Fountain in Italy to toss a coin.

A famous combined bascule and suspension bridge in London, England. Arnold plans to visit this historic landmark on his sightseeing tour.

A giant Ferris wheel on the South Bank of the River Thames in London. Arnold enjoys the panoramic view of the city from above it.

An ancient oval amphitheatre in the centre of the city of Rome, Italy. Arnold plans to visit this historic site during his sunny sightseeing tour.

The protective outer layer created by an animal that lives in the sea. Justin and Susan plan to collect these together on the beach.